Displasia epitelial corneal / Corneal epithelial dysplasia

Las neoplasias intraepiteliales córneo-conjuntival son lesiones premalignas, mal delimitadas, de crecimiento lento y escaso potencial de malignización. Solo el 9 por ciento progresa a carcinoma invasor de células escamosas. Posee varias formas de presentación y tiene múltiples dilataciones vasculares. La displasia epitelial corneal primaria es una forma poco frecuente de neoplasia intraepitelial córnea-epitelial. Se presenta un caso clínico confirmado por estudios anatomopatológicos. En el presente estudio se observó respuesta satisfactoria luego de un mes de tratamiento tópico con 5FU, sin efectos colaterales. El seguimiento durante tres años no ha mostrado signos de recidiva(AU)

Corneal-conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasms are premalignant, poorly demarcated, slow-growing lesions with low malignant potential. Only the 9 percent progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It appears in several forms and presents multiple vascular dilatations. Primary corneal epithelial dysplasia is a rare form of corneal-epithelial intraepithelial neoplasia. We present a clinical case, confirmed by anatomopathologic studies. In the present study we observed a satisfactory response after one month of topical treatment with 5FU, with no side effects. Follow-up for three years has shown no signs of recurrence(AU)

Enteropatías congénitas y la implicación diagnóstica en la displasia intestinal o enteropatía en penacho

RESUMEN Introducción: la displasia epitelial intestinal o enteropatía en penacho, es una rara y grave enfermedad debido a mutaciones genéticas, categorizada como enteropatía congénita por defecto del transporte de los enterocitos y su polaridad. Objetivo: Examinar los conocimientos más recientes para la orientación diagnóstica de las enteropatías congénitas en el contexto clínico de las diarreas crónicas intratables del período posnatal y primeros meses de vida. Métodos: Análisis de publicaciones en español e inglés en PubMed, Scimago, ScIELO hasta abril 2021 relacionadas con esta temática. Se usaron los términos diarreas intratables, enteropatías congénitas, displasia epitelial intestinal, enteropatía en penacho y enfermedades para diagnóstico diferencial. Análisis e integración de la información: Se describieron criterios sobre diarreas intratables, enteropatías congénitas; su clasificación. Se revisaron rasgos de la displasia epitelial intestinal y sus manifestaciones de formas clínicas, histopatológicas y mutaciones genéticas, epidemiología, diagnóstico de certeza y diferencial por afecciones debido a defectos congénitos relacionados con el tránsito epitelial y polaridad; tratamiento, pronóstico y actualización sobre trascendencia de las enfermedades raras. Conclusiones: Se revisan los conocimientos más recientes relacionados con enfermedades raras por enteropatías congénitas y en particular sobre la displasia epitelial intestinal o enteropatía en penacho. Se describen sus manifestaciones clínicas, histopatológicas y genéticas. La epidemiología, el tratamiento y sus retos. Se enfatizó en criterios sobre la trascendencia diagnóstica de enfermedades raras relacionadas con enteropatías congénitas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intestinal epithelial dysplasia or plume enteropathy is a rare and serious disease due to genetic mutations, categorized as congenital enteropathy due to the defect of enterocyte transport and their polarity. Objective: Examine the most recent knowledge on the diagnostic orientation of congenital enteropathies in the clinical context of intractable chronic diarrhea of the postnatal period and first months of life. Methods: Analysis of publications in Spanish and English in PubMed, Scimago, ScIELO until April 2021 related to this topic. The terms intractable diarrhea, congenital enteropathies, intestinal epithelial dysplasia, plume enteropathy and diseases were used for differential diagnosis. Analysis and integration of information: Criteria on intractable diarrhea, and congenital enteropathies were described; and their classification. Features of intestinal epithelial dysplasia and its manifestations of clinical, histopathological forms and genetic mutations, epidemiology, diagnosis of certainty and differential for conditions due to congenital defects related to epithelial transit and polarity were reviewed; treatment, prognosis and update on the importance of rare diseases. Conclusions: The most recent knowledge related to rare diseases due to congenital enteropathies and in particular about intestinal epithelial dysplasia or plume enteropathy is reviewed. Its clinical, histopathological and genetic manifestations are described, epidemiology, treatment and its challenges. Emphasis was placed on criteria on the diagnostic significance of rare diseases related to congenital enteropathies.

Parámetros histomorfométricos de la mucosa bucal en pacientes portadores de leucoplasia con displasia epitelial / Histomorphometric Parameters of the Buccal Mucosa in Patients with Leukoplakia and Epithelial Dysplasia

RESUMEN Fundamento la leucoplasia es la lesión potencialmente maligna más frecuente en las membranas mucosas de la boca y se puede presentar con diferentes grados de displasia epitelial. El estudio histológico de esta lesión unido a la medición de parámetros morfométricos y estereológicos, permite la mejor comprensión de procesos tanto fisiológicos como patológicos. Objetivo: caracterizar los parámetros histomorfométricos de la mucosa bucal en pacientes portadores de leucoplasia bucal según grado de displasia epitelial. Método: se realizó un estudio de serie de casos, con el objeto de determinar indicadores morfométricos, de lesiones leucoplásicas de la mucosa oral en biopsias de pacientes atendidos en los Servicios de Anatomía Patológica y Maxilofacial del Hospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de la provincia Cienfuegos. La muestra se obtuvo por muestreo intencionado, la cual quedó constituida por 30 láminas histológicas (biopsias), distribuidas en tres grupos de diez láminas por cada grado de displasia epitelial. La variable de estudio fue la caracterización morfométrica de la leucoplasia de la mucosa oral con displasia. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: predominaron tres parámetros en la clasificación de la displasia: alteración de los clavos interpapilares, hiperplasia y pérdida de la polaridad de las células basales. Se constató presencia de ortoparaqueratosis, epitelios hiperplásicos e infiltrado inflamatorio del corion, en más de la mitad de los casos. Hubo significación estadística en las relaciones que se establecieron entre la altura o profundidad de las papilas y la densidad relativa de células según grado de displasia epitelial, al aplicar la estadística inferencial. Conclusiones: predominaron tres parámetros en la clasificación de la displasia. Se constató presencia de ortoparaqueratosis, epitelios hiperplásicos e infiltrado inflamatorio del corion, en más de la mitad de los casos.

ABSTRACT Background: leukoplakia is the most frequent potentially malignant lesion in the mucous membranes of the mouth and can present with different degrees of epithelial dysplasia. The histological study of this lesion, together with the measurement of morphometric and stereological parameters, allows a better understanding of both physiological and pathological processes. Objective: to characterize the histomorphometric parameters of the oral mucosa in patients with oral leukoplakia according to the degree of epithelial dysplasia. Method: a case series study was carried out in order to determine morphometric indicators of leukoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa in biopsies of patients treated at the Pathology and Maxillofacial Anatomy services of the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima General University Hospital, in Cienfuegos province. The sample was obtained by intentional sampling, which was made up of 30 histological slides (biopsies), distributed in three groups of ten slides for each degree of epithelial dysplasia. The study variable was the morphometric characterization of oral mucosal leukoplakia with dysplasia. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results: three parameters prevailed in the classification of dysplasia: alteration of the interpapillary nails, hyperplasia and loss of polarity of the basal cells. The presence of orthoparakeratosis, hyperplastic epithelia and inflammatory infiltrate of the chorion was confirmed in more than half of the cases. There was statistical significance in the relationships established between the height or depth of the papillae and the relative density of cells according to the degree of epithelial dysplasia, when applying inferential statistics. Conclusions: three parameters predominated in the classification of dysplasia. The presence of orthoparakeratosis, hyperplastic epithelia and inflammatory infiltrate of the chorion was confirmed in more than half of the cases.

Identificación y evaluación de lesiones gástricas premalignas asociadas a la infección por Helicobacter pylori / Identification and evaluation of premalignant gastric lesions associated with Helicobacter pylori infection

Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori es la causa principal de enfermedades gastroduodenales (gastritis crónica, úlceras pépticas y cáncer gástrico). En Guatemala existen pocos estudios sobre la prevalencia de H. pylori y su relación con enfermedades gastrointestinales, particularmente con cáncer. Objetivos: Identificar la presencia de lesiones premalignas (atrofia gástrica, metaplasia intestinal y displasia) y su relación con la infección por H. pylori en pacientes de consulta externa en unidades de gastroenterología de dos hospitales nacionales de la ciudad de Guatemala. Métodos: El diagnóstico histopatológico y bacteriológico se realizó por medio de las tinciones de H & E y Giemsa, cultivo e identificación bioquímica, detección de anticuerpos específicos mediante la prueba ELISA, diagnóstico molecular por la amplificación del gen glmM y genotipificación por PCR para identificar los genes VacA y CagA. Se analizaron datos clínico-epidemiológicos de los pacientes, la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori y la genotipificación de la bacteria. Resultados: En 293 de los pacientes estudiados (83 por ciento) se encontró algún tipo de lesión premaligna; las más frecuentes fueron la atrofia gástrica (70 por ciento), metaplasia intestinal (11 por ciento) y displasia gástrica (2 por ciento). El 17 por ciento de los pacientes no presentó lesiones premalignas. Se halló una prevalencia de infección por H. pylori del 58 por ciento, y el gen cagA se detectó en 118 (57 por ciento) de los pacientes infectados. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes presentó atrofia gástrica (70 por ciento) y el 43,5 por ciento estaba infectado por H. pylori, principalmente con cepas CagA positivo. Este hecho confirma la importancia del estudio de H. pylori y su relación con cáncer gástrico(AU)

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of gastroduodenal diseases (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer). In Guatemala few studies have been carried out on the prevalence of H. pylori and its relationship with gastrointestinal diseases, particularly with cancer. Objective: To identify the presence of premalignant lesions (gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia) and their relationship with H. pylori infection in outpatients in gastroenterology units in two national hospitals in Guatemala City. Methods: Histopathological and bacteriological diagnostic testings were performed by H & E and Giemsa stain, culture and biochemical identification, detection of specific antibodies by ELISA, molecular diagnosis by glmM gene amplification, and genotypification by PCR to identify vacA and cagA genes. Clinical and epidemiological data from patients, prevalence of H. pylori infection, and bacterium genotypification were analyzed. Results: Among the studied patients, 293 (83 percent) presented some type of premalignant lesion. The most prevalent were gastric atrophy (70 percent), intestinal metaplasia (11 percent), and gastric dysplasia (2 percent). Seventeen percent of the patients did not have any premalignant lesions. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 58 percent, and cagA gene was identified in 118 (57 percent) of the infected patients. Conclusions: The majority of the patients presented gastric atrophy (70 percent), and 43.5 percent were infected by H. pylori, mainly with positive cagA strains. This finding confirms the importance of studying H. pylori and its relationship with gastric cancer(AU)

Inmunoexpresión de p53 y su relación con el grado de severidad en displasia epitelial oral / Immunoexpression of p53 and its relationship with the degree of severity in oral epithelial dysplasia

Introducción: La displasia epitelial oral (DEO) es la presencia de alteraciones celulares y tisulares, lo que puede significar una etapa anterior al desarrollo del cáncer. Múltiples marcadores han sido considerados para estimar su potencial neoplásico y evolución a carcinoma, incluyendo a la molécula p53, se considera como participe de diversos fenómenos de la homeostasis celular. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la inmunoexpresión de p53 DO-7 y PAb 240 con el grado de severidad de la displasia epitelial oral. Material y métodos: Se analizaron nueve muestras de DEO (tres para cada grado de severidad). La inmunoexpresión de p53 tipo silvestre (DO-7) y forma mutada (PAb 240), fue determinada a través de ensayo de inmunohistoquímica por peroxidasa. Se obtuvieron la media y desviación estándar y se realizó la prueba χ2 (p < 0.05). Resultados: La edad media fue de 65.7 ± 11.4 años, la zona anatómica con mayor presencia de DEO es el borde lateral de la lengua. Ocho de nueve muestras fueron positivas para DO-7 y solo dos para PAb 240. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que, aunque la expresión de p53 DO-7 podría estar relacionada parcialmente con la patogénesis de la displasia epitelial, no todas las displasias presentaron la forma mutada de p53 (PAb 240). Lo cual coincide con el comportamiento biológico incierto de las displasias al poder permanecer sin cambios, involucionar o transformarse

Introduction: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is the presence of cellular and tissue alterations, which may mean a stage prior to the development of cancer. Multiple markers have been considered to estimate its pathogenic potential and evolution to neoplasms, including the p53 molecule, considered as participating in various phenomena of cellular homeostasis. Objective: To determine the relationship between the immunoexpression of p53 DO-7 and PAb 240 with the degree of severity of oral epithelial dysplasia. Material and methods: Nine OED samples were analyzed (three for each degree of severity). The immunoexpression of wild-type p53 (DO-7) and mutated form (PAb 240) was determined through a peroxidase immunohistochemical assay. The mean and standard deviation were obtained, and χ2 test (p < 0.05) were performed. Results: The mean age was 65.7 ± 11.4 years, with a greater presence of OED in the anatomical area of the lateral side of the tongue. Eight out of nine samples were positive for DO-7 and only two for PAb 240. Conclusions: Our results indicate that, although the expression of p53 DO-7 could be partially related to the pathogenesis of epithelial dysplasia, not all dysplasias presented the mutated form of p53 (PAb 240), which coincides that not all dysplasias have a potential for malignant transformation and that could be related to other oncogenic mechanisms (AU)

Queilitis actínica: Reporte de tres casos y revisión de literatura / Actinic Cheilitis: Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature

RESUMEN La queilitis actínica (QA) es un desorden potencialmente maligno del labio inducido por la exposición crónica a la luz ultravioleta, que afecta principalmente al bermellón del labio inferior de personas adultas y de piel clara. Si no es tratada en forma oportuna puede transformarse en un carcinoma de células escamosas del labio. Histológicamente la QA presenta una serie de alteraciones a nivel epitelial que van desde hiperplasia a displasia; en el tejido conectivo se presentan distintos grados de elastosis actínica acompañada por infiltrado inflamatorio. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar tres casos de pacientes con QA y analizar sus características clínicas e histopatológicas.

ABSTRACT Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a potentially malignant lip disorder induced by chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which mainly affects the vermilion of the lower lip of adults and fair skin. If it is not treated in a timely manner it can become a squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Histologically, AC presents a series of alterations at the epithelial level ranging from hyperplasia to dysplasia; Connective tissue presents different degrees of actinic elastosis accompanied by inflammatory infiltrate. The objective of this work is to present three cases of patients with AC and analyze their clinical and histopathological characteristics.

Oral lichen planus: clinical profile and determination of oral epithelial dysplasia / Liquen plano oral: perfil clínico y determinación de la displasia epitelial oral

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is the most common noninfectious oral disease and is considered a potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are not completely understood and the malignant transformation remains under discussion. The aim was to asses the cytological and histological features of OLP, and establish relationship between clinical and microscopic profiles. A total of 10 patients diagnosed with OLP were investigated. Slides were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin­Eosin to identify 8 histological features and 8 cytological alterations. Finally, oral epithelial dysplasia degree was determined. Hyperplasia and loss of polarity of basal cells were detected in 90 % of cases. Anisonucleosis, nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia affected 100 % of the sample. Six cases were classified as mild-grade OED, with no cases of severe-grade. Microscopic alterations were higher in women (P <0.0001) and moderate-grade OED was diagnosed only in this group (P <0.0014). The findings demonstrated that microscopic and clinical data association should be analyzed to a better understand of disease behavior. OED was absence only in one case, so the periodic follow-up of patients diagnosed with OLP is mandatory to avoid the malignant transformation.

El liquen plano oral (LPO) es la enfermedad no infecciosa más común y se considera un trastorno potencialmente maligno. La etiología y la patogénesis del LPO no se conoce y la transformación maligna sigue siendo objeto de debate. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características citológicas e histológicas del LPO y establecer la relación entre los perfiles clínicos y microscópicos. Un total de 10 pacientes diagnosticados con LPO fueron investigados. Secciones histológicas se prepararon y tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina para identificar 8 características histológicas y 8 alteraciones citológicas. Finalmente, se determinó el grado de displasia epitelial. La hiperplasia y la pérdida de la polaridad de las células basales se detectaron en el 90 % de los casos. Anisonucleosis, pleomorfismo nuclear e hipercromasia afectaron al 100 % de las muestras. Seis casos fueron clasificados como displasia epitelial oral (DEO) de grado leve y no se reportaron casos de grado severo. Las alteraciones microscópicas fueron mayores en las mujeres (p <0,0001) y DEO de grado moderado fue diagnosticado sólo en este grupo (p <0,0014). Los resultados demostraron que la asociación de datos microscópicos y clínicos deben ser analizados para una mejor comprensión del comportamiento de la enfermedad. La DEO estuvo ausente sólo en un caso, por lo que el seguimiento periódico de los pacientes diagnosticados con LPO es necesario para evitar la transformación maligna.

Avaliação da expressão de ß-catenina e ciclina D1 como biomarcadores preditivos para o câncer de lábio / Evaluation of ß-catenin and cyclin D1 expression as predictive biomarkers for lip cancer

Um dos objetivos da pesquisa científica, atualmente, é encontrar biomarcadores que possam auxiliar na definição da probabilidade de progressão das lesões orais displásicas, e ainda sejam capazes de identificar os principais agentes moleculares envolvidos na carcinogênese de um determinado tipo de tumor. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressão de ß-catenina, ciclina D1 e Ki-67 em 15 espécimes de epitélio oral normal, 45 queilites actínicas displásicas e em 30 carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Essa amostra foi constituída por pacientes tratados na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Brasil) e no Hospital Clínico San Cecílio de Granada (Espanha). O grau de displasia epitelial e de diferenciação tumoral foi classificado com base nos critérios definidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A avaliação dos biomarcadores foi realizada por meio da técnica imunohistoquímica, dividindo a espessura do epitélio em quatro compartimentos (basal, suprabasal, terço médio e terço superior) para o grupo controle e para as queilites actínicas e em três compartimentos (basal, suprabasal e região interna) para o grupo dos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Para a comparação da média de expressão de cada marcador, nas diferentes localizações do epitélio foi utilizado o teste estatístico de Kruskal-Wallis. Para a correlação da expressão dos três marcadores entre os grupos foi utilizada a correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram uma perda discreta da expressão membranosa de ß-catenina na camada basal das queilites actínicas com displasia epitelial intensa (Cis) e nos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio, assim como uma expressão citoplasmática e nuclear, discreta e diretamente proporcional à desorganização epitelial nas camadas basal e suprabasal das queilites actínicas e carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Notou-se também um aumento da expressão de ciclina D1 e Ki-67 na camada basal à medida que aumentava a desorganização epitelial. Houve uma associação estatisticamente significativa da expressão de ciclina D1 e Ki-67 na camada suprabasal do grupo controle (p=0,030) e das queilites actínicas (p=0,001) e ainda na região interna dos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio (p=0,000). Não houve correlação significativa entre as expressões nucleares de ß-catenina e de ciclina D1. Nossos resultados reforçam que a ß-catenina, a ciclina D1 e o Ki-67, podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores preditivos para o câncer de lábio. Além disso, sugerem que a ß-catenina e a ciclina D1 participam da carcinogênese labial, em eventos independentes da via de sinalização/Wnt.(AU)

One of the goals of scientific research today is to find predictive biomarkers that can help define the probability of progression of dysplastic oral lesions, and are still able to identify key molecular agents involved in the carcinogenesis of a particular type of tumor. The objective of this study was to investigate ß-catenin, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression in 15 specimens of normal oral epithelium, 45 dysplastic actinic cheilitis and 30 squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. This sample consisted of patients treated at the Botucatu Medicine School (Brazil) and the Clinical Hospital San Cecilio of Granada (Spain). The degree of epithelial dysplasia and tumor differentiation was classified based on the criteria defined by the World Health Organization. The evaluation of biomarkers was performed by immunohistochemical technique, dividing the thickness of the epithelium into four compartments (basal, suprabasal, middle third and upper third) for the control group and actinic cheilitis and three compartments (basal, suprabasal and inner region) to the group of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. For comparing the average expression of each marker in different locations of the epithelium we used the statistical test of Kruskal-Wallis. For the correlation of the three markers expression between the groups was used Spearman, with 5% significance level. The results showed a slight loss of membranous expression of ß-catenin in the basal layer of actinic cheilitis with severe epithelial dysplasia (Cis) and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip, and a cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, slight and directly proportional to the epithelial disorganization in layers basal and suprabasal of actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. It was also noted an increase in expression of cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in the basal layer as increased epithelial disorganization. There was a statistically significant association of cyclin expression D1 and Ki-67 in the suprabasal layer of the control group (p=0.030) and actinic cheilitis (p=0.001) and also in the inner region of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip (p=0.000). There was no significant correlation between the nuclear expression of ß-catenin and cyclin D1. Our results emphasize that ß-catenin, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 can be used as predictive biomarkers for lip cancer. Moreover, they suggest that ß-catenin and cyclin D1 acts on the lip carcinogenesis, in independent events signaling pathway/Wnt.(AU)

Estudo do perfil de expressão de componentes da via de sinalização sonic hedgehog em displasia epitelial oral / Study of the expression profile of components of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in oral epithelial dysplasia

A displasia epitelial oral (DEO) é um aspecto histológico descrito em lesões potencialmente malignas, cujos mecanismos relacionados a patogênese e potencial de transformação são pouco conhecidos. Sabendo-se que a via de sinalização Sonic Hedgehog(SHH)tem participação no desenvolvimento do carcinoma escamocelular de boca(CEB) e que as proteínas relacionadas a esta via de sinalização estão envolvidas nos mecanismos biológicos relacionados a iniciação e progressão de tumores humanos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a expressão das proteínas da via de sinalização SHH em DEO, a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento do perfil biológico desta lesão...

Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a histological aspect described in premalignant lesions and themechanisms related to the pathogenesis and malignant progression are poorly understood. It is knownthat Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway participates in the development of oral squamous cellcarcinoma, and proteins related to this cascade are involved in biological mechanisms related to theinitiation and progression of human tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate SHH signalingmolecules in OED, in order to contribute to the knowledge of the biological profile of this lesion...

Análise histopatológica de lesões leucoqueratósicas da mucosa oral avaliadas pelos exames de luminescência, cromoscopia e microscopia confocal reflectante / Histological analysis identified and assessed by tests of luminescence, chromoendoscopy and confocal reflectance leukokeratosis lesions

O câncer de mucosa oral é um problema de saúde pública, com maior incidência em homens acima de 50 anos. Uma das manifestações clínicas mais precoces do câncer da mucosa oral são as lesões leucoqueratósica. O aspecto clínico não homogêneo e o tamanho maior de 200mm2, em mucosa não queratinizada como a do assoalho da boca e ventre da língua, são aspectos que implicam na possibilidade de evolução da lesão. A dificuldade do diagnóstico das lesões precoces está na seleção do local a ser biopsiado principalmente frente a lesões extensas e heterogêneas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar se a utilização do exame clínico juntamente com os métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico das lesões leucoqueratósica da mucosa oral (VELscope®, Azul de toluidina e Solução de lugol) contribui para uma maior precisão do diagnóstico de displasias nestas lesões quando comparado ao histopatológico. E, identificar os padrões morfológicos destas lesões quando avaliadas por meio da microscopia confocal reflectante. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes, maiores de 18 anos, portadores de lesão clínica compatível com leucoplasia oral triados no ambulatório da disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo e que precisavam ser submetidos à biópsia para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico final. Foram realizados os testes de Azul de Toluidina, Solução de Lugol, VELscope®, microscopia confocal reflectante e posteriormente, a biópsia incisional para obtenção do diagnóstico final. Os pacientes incluídos possuíam média de idade 60,66 anos, sendo 70% (21/30) do gênero feminino e 30% (9/30) do gênero masculino. O tabagismo foi relatado por 16,7% (5/30) dos pacientes, sendo 60% (3/5) homens. A associação do tabagismo e etilismo foi relatada em 10% (3/30) dos pacientes, o tabagismo isoladamente por 6,6% (2/30) e o de etilismo por 3,3%(1/30)...

Cancer of the oral mucosa is a public health problem, with higher incidence in men above 50 years. One of the earliest manifestations of cancer of the oral mucosa lesions are leukokeratosis. The inhomogeneous clinical aspect and the larger size of 200mm2 in non-keratinized mucosa as the floor of the mouth and constipation of the tongue, are aspects that imply the possibility of evolution of the lesion. The difficulty of diagnosis of early lesions is in the selection of the site to be biopsied primarily against large and heterogeneous lesions. The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of clinical examination along with diagnostic aids leucoqueratósica of oral lesions (VELscope ®, Toluidine blue and Lugol solution) methods contributes to greater accuracy of diagnosis of dysplasia in these lesions when compared the histopathological. And identify the morphological patterns of these lesions when evaluated by reflectance confocal microscopy. 30 patients older than 18 years, with clinical lesion compatible with oral leukoplakia screened in the outpatient discipline of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo and that needed to be biopsied to establish the final diagnosis were selected. Tests toluidine blue, Lugol's solution, VELscope ®, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and subsequently, incisional biopsy to obtain the final diagnosis were performed. Patients enrolled had a mean age 60.66 years, 70% (21/30) were female and 30% (9/30) were male. Smoking was reported by 16.7% (5/30) of patients, 60% (3/5) homens.A association of smoking and alcohol use was reported in 10% (3/30) of patients, smoking alone by 6.6% (2/30) and of alcoholism by 3.3% (1/30)...

Características histomorfométricas de la leucoplasia bucal homogénea / Histomorphometric characteristics of homogeneous oral leucoplakia

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de 35 pacientes con leucoplasia bucal homogénea asociada al tabaquismo, atendidos en la consulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2007 hasta igual mes de 2009, con vistas a determinar las características histomorfométricas de las biopsias correspondientes, lo cual podría contribuir a precisar su diagnóstico. Se realizó el examen histomorfométrico del grosor epitelial, así como también de los diámetros nuclear y citoplasmático; también se midió la densidad del infiltrado linfocitario y vascular en la lámina propia y de la hipercromatosis. Los valores más pequeños del diámetro nuclear fueron los más frecuentemente encontrados, con una fuerte asociación con el citoplasmático. Estos parámetros resultaron ser los de mayor significado para el diagnóstico de la mencionada afección(AU)

A descriptive study of 35 patients with homogeneous oral leucoplakia associated with the smoking habit, assisted in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2007 to the same month of 2009, aimed at determining the histomorphometric characteristics of the corresponding biopsies, which could contribute to specify its diagnosis. The histomorphometric examination of the epithelial thickness was carried out as well as that of the nuclear and cytoplasmic diameters; the density of the lymphocytic and vascular infiltrate was also measured in the lamina propria and in the hyperchromatosis. The smallest values of the nuclear diameter were the most frequently found, with a strong association with the cytoplasmic one. These parameters turned out to be the most significant for the diagnosis of the aforementioned disorder(AU)

Características histomorfométricas de la leucoplasia bucal homogénea / Histomorphometric characteristics of homogeneous oral leucoplakia

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de 35 pacientes con leucoplasia bucal homogénea asociada al tabaquismo, atendidos en la consulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2007 hasta igual mes de 2009, con vistas a determinar las características histomorfométricas de las biopsias correspondientes, lo cual podría contribuir a precisar su diagnóstico. Se realizó el examen histomorfométrico del grosor epitelial, así como también de los diámetros nuclear y citoplasmático; también se midió la densidad del infiltrado linfocitario y vascular en la lámina propia y de la hipercromatosis. Los valores más pequeños del diámetro nuclear fueron los más frecuentemente encontrados, con una fuerte asociación con el citoplasmático. Estos parámetros resultaron ser los de mayor significado para el diagnóstico de la mencionada afección.

A descriptive study of 35 patients with homogeneous oral leucoplakia associated with the smoking habit, assisted in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2007 to the same month of 2009, aimed at determining the histomorphometric characteristics of the corresponding biopsies, which could contribute to specify its diagnosis. The histomorphometric examination of the epithelial thickness was carried out as well as that of the nuclear and cytoplasmic diameters; the density of the lymphocytic and vascular infiltrate was also measured in the lamina propria and in the hyperchromatosis. The smallest values of the nuclear diameter were the most frequently found, with a strong association with the cytoplasmic one. These parameters turned out to be the most significant for the diagnosis of the aforementioned disorder.

Liquen plano bucal y displasia epitelial / Oral lichen planus and epithelial dysplasia

Introducción: el liquen plano bucal es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica y recurrente considerada como una respuesta inmune anormal mediada por células T. Uno de los aspectos más importantes es su posible carácter premaligno y el papel de la displasia epitelial. Objetivo: describir los desórdenes celulares característicos de la displasia en las lesiones del liquen plano bucal y su relación con las formas clínicas y otras variables histopatológicas. El universo estuvo constituido por el registro de 14,977 pacientes sometidos a estudio anatomopatológico en el Servicio de Anatomía Patológica en el Departamento de Patología de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, en el período comprendido de 1970 al 2008 del que se extrajo una muestra integrada por 115 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de liquen plano de la mucosa bucal. Se revisaron los archivos de biopsias tomándose aquellas solicitudes con suficientes datos clínicos en las cuales estuviera consignada la presencia de lesiones bilaterales o, en su defecto, más de una lesión distribuida en una o en más de una región anatómica. Las variables clínicas fueron: Liquen plano tipo reticular, atrófico erosivo e hipertrófico y las variables histopatológicas: tipo de queratinización, grosor epitelial, presencia de displasia epitelial. Se realizó observación microscópica de las láminas obtenidas del archivo. Se obtuvieron fotomicrografías. Para las variables cualitativas se calculó la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje. Para la estadística analítica se utilizó el test de Chi Cuadrado, aplicando la corrección de Yates, cuando esta era necesaria o bien la Prueba exacta de Fisher. Conclusiones: la presencia de displasia ligera es un hallazgo posible en el liquen plano bucal, más frecuente en el tipo erosivo y que, hasta tanto no se demuestre convincentemente lo contrario, el liquen plano bucal debe ser una lesión tributaria de un seguimiento a corto, mediano y largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: oral lichen planus is an inflammatory, chronic and recurrent disease which is considered an abnormal T- cell mediated immune response. One of the most important aspects is its possible pre-malignant character and the role of epithelial dysplasia. Objective: to describe cellular disorders characteristic of dysplasia in lesions in the oral lichen planus and their relation with clinical forms and other histopathological variables Method: the universe was composed of the registration of 14 977 patients who underwent an anatomopathological study in the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Stomatology of Havana during the period 1970-2008, from which a sample composed of 115 patients with histopathological diagnosis of oral lichen planus was taken. The records of biopsies were reviewed, taking those requests with enough clinical data in which the presence of bilateral lesions were recorded or, in its absence, more than one lesion spread through one or more than one anatomic region. The clinical variables were: reticular, atrophic, erosive and hypertrophic types of lichen planus, and the histopathological variables were: type of keratinization, epithelial thickness, presence of epithelial dysplasia. Microscope observation of the lamina obtained from the records was performed. Photomicrographs were obtained. For qualitative variables, absolute frequency and percentages were calculated. For analytical statistics, the Chi-square test was used, applying, if needed, the Yates´ correction or Fisher's exact test. Conclusions: the presence of mild dysplasia is a possible finding in the oral lichen planus, which is more frequent in the erosive type and, until proven otherwise, the oral lichen planus should have a short-term, medium-term and long-term follow-up(AU)

Identificación del papilomavirus humano en la leucoplasia bucal / Identification of the human papilomavirus in oral leukoplakia

Con el propósito de evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico del papilomavirus humano asociado a la leucoplasia bucal, se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 75 pacientes con la citada afección, tratados en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre del 2009 hasta igual mes del 2012. A los afectados se le realizó biopsia para conocer la presencia de coilocitos que producían alteraciones epiteliales y del corion en el tejido lesionado, así como su localización topográfica. En la casuística prevalecieron el sexo masculino, la mucosa de carrillo como el sitio anatómico de mayor incidencia y la displasia epitelial como la más relevante. Asimismo, la pérdida de la relación núcleo-citoplasma y la hiperplasia de la capa basal fueron las alteraciones hísticas más frecuentes(AU)

With the purpose of evaluating the results of the clinical and histopathological diagnosis of the human papilomavirus associated with oral leukoplakia, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 75 patients with this condition, who were treated at the Stomatology Department of the Polyclinic of Specialties from Saturnino Lora Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from September 2009 to the same month of 2012. Biopsies were taken from patients to detect the presence of koilocytes producing chorion and epithelial changes in damaged tissue, as well as their topographic location. Male sex, buccal mucosa as the anatomical site of highest incidence and epithelial dysplasia as the most significant prevailed in the case material. Likewise, the loss of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and hyperplasia of the basal layer were the most frequent tissue alterations(AU)

Identificación del papilomavirus humano en la leucoplasia bucal / Identification of the human papilomavirus in oral leukoplakia

Con el propósito de evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico del papilomavirus humano asociado a la leucoplasia bucal, se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 75 pacientes con la citada afección, tratados en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre del 2009 hasta igual mes del 2012. A los afectados se le realizó biopsia para conocer la presencia de coilocitos que producían alteraciones epiteliales y del corion en el tejido lesionado, así como su localización topográfica. En la casuística prevalecieron el sexo masculino, la mucosa de carrillo como el sitio anatómico de mayor incidencia y la displasia epitelial como la más relevante. Asimismo, la pérdida de la relación núcleo-citoplasma y la hiperplasia de la capa basal fueron las alteraciones hísticas más frecuentes.

With the purpose of evaluating the results of the clinical and histopathological diagnosis of the human papilomavirus associated with oral leukoplakia, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 75 patients with this condition, who were treated at the Stomatology Department of the Polyclinic of Specialties from "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from September 2009 to the same month of 2012. Biopsies were taken from patients to detect the presence of koilocytes producing chorion and epithelial changes in damaged tissue, as well as their topographic location. Male sex, buccal mucosa as the anatomical site of highest incidence and epithelial dysplasia as the most significant prevailed in the case material. Likewise, the loss of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and hyperplasia of the basal layer were the most frequent tissue alterations.

Liquen plano bucal y displasia epitelial / Oral lichen planus and epithelial dysplasia

Introducción: el liquen plano bucal es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica y recurrente considerada como una respuesta inmune anormal mediada por células T. Uno de los aspectos más importantes es su posible carácter premaligno y el papel de la displasia epitelial. Objetivo: describir los desórdenes celulares característicos de la displasia en las lesiones del liquen plano bucal y su relación con las formas clínicas y otras variables histopatológicas. El universo estuvo constituido por el registro de 14,977 pacientes sometidos a estudio anatomopatológico en el Servicio de Anatomía Patológica en el Departamento de Patología de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, en el período comprendido de 1970 al 2008 del que se extrajo una muestra integrada por 115 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de liquen plano de la mucosa bucal. Se revisaron los archivos de biopsias tomándose aquellas solicitudes con suficientes datos clínicos en las cuales estuviera consignada la presencia de lesiones bilaterales o, en su defecto, más de una lesión distribuida en una o en más de una región anatómica. Las variables clínicas fueron: Liquen plano tipo reticular, atrófico erosivo e hipertrófico y las variables histopatológicas: tipo de queratinización, grosor epitelial, presencia de displasia epitelial. Se realizó observación microscópica de las láminas obtenidas del archivo. Se obtuvieron fotomicrografías. Para las variables cualitativas se calculó la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje. Para la estadística analítica se utilizó el test de Chi Cuadrado, aplicando la corrección de Yates, cuando esta era necesaria o bien la Prueba exacta de Fisher. Conclusiones: la presencia de displasia ligera es un hallazgo posible en el liquen plano bucal, más frecuente en el tipo erosivo y que, hasta tanto no se demuestre convincentemente lo contrario, el liquen plano bucal debe ser una lesión tributaria de un seguimiento a corto, mediano y largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: oral lichen planus is an inflammatory, chronic and recurrent disease which is considered an abnormal T- cell mediated immune response. One of the most important aspects is its possible pre-malignant character and the role of epithelial dysplasia. Objective: to describe cellular disorders characteristic of dysplasia in lesions in the oral lichen planus and their relation with clinical forms and other histopathological variables Method: the universe was composed of the registration of 14 977 patients who underwent an anatomopathological study in the Department of Pathology of the Faculty of Stomatology of Havana during the period 1970-2008, from which a sample composed of 115 patients with histopathological diagnosis of oral lichen planus was taken. The records of biopsies were reviewed, taking those requests with enough clinical data in which the presence of bilateral lesions were recorded or, in its absence, more than one lesion spread through one or more than one anatomic region. The clinical variables were: reticular, atrophic, erosive and hypertrophic types of lichen planus, and the histopathological variables were: type of keratinization, epithelial thickness, presence of epithelial dysplasia. Microscope observation of the lamina obtained from the records was performed. Photomicrographs were obtained. For qualitative variables, absolute frequency and percentages were calculated. For analytical statistics, the Chi-square test was used, applying, if needed, the Yates´ correction or Fisher's exact test. Conclusions: the presence of mild dysplasia is a possible finding in the oral lichen planus, which is more frequent in the erosive type and, until proven otherwise, the oral lichen planus should have a short-term, medium-term and long-term follow-up(AU)

Infección por papilomavirus humano en pacientes con liquen plano bucal / Infection due to human papilomavirus in patients with oral lichen planus i: en

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 85 pacientes con liquen plano bucal asociado al virus del papiloma humano, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre del 2008 hasta igual mes del 2011, con vistas a evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico histopatológico de esta afección. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, diagnóstico clinicohistopatológico, localización anatómica, factores de riesgo, alteraciones celulares que aparecen en el epitelio y magnitud de la displasia epitelial. En la casuística predominaron ambos sexos, el grupo etario de 20-29 años, la mucosa de carrillo como el sitio de mayor incidencia, la presencia de coilocitos como el hallazgo histológico más significativo y elevadas proporciones de la displasia epitelial leve.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 85 patients with oral lichen planus associated with the virus of human papiloma, assisted in the estomatological service from the Specialties Polyclinic in "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital from Santiago de Cuba was carried out from November, 2008 to the same month of 2011, with the aim of evaluating the results of the histological and pathological diagnosis of this disorder. Among the analyzed variables there were: age, sex, clinical histological and pathological diagnosis, anatomical localization, risk factors, cellular changes which appear in the epithelium and magnitude of the epithelial dysplasia. The age group 20-29, both sexes, the cheek mucosa as the place of greater incidence, the koilocytos presence as the most significant histological finding, high proportions of the mild epithelial dysplasia prevailed in the case material.

Infección por papilomavirus humano en pacientes con liquen plano bucal / Infection due to human papilomavirus in patients with oral lichen planus

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 85 pacientes con liquen plano bucal asociado al virus del papiloma humano, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre del 2008 hasta igual mes del 2011, con vistas a evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico histopatológico de esta afección. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, diagnóstico clinicohistopatológico, localización anatómica, factores de riesgo, alteraciones celulares que aparecen en el epitelio y magnitud de la displasia epitelial. En la casuística predominaron ambos sexos, el grupo etario de 20-29 años, la mucosa de carrillo como el sitio de mayor incidencia, la presencia de coilocitos como el hallazgo histológico más significativo y elevadas proporciones de la displasia epitelial leve(AU)

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 85 patients with oral lichen planus associated with the virus of human papiloma, assisted in the estomatological service from the Specialties Polyclinic in Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital from Santiago de Cuba was carried out from November, 2008 to the same month of 2011, with the aim of evaluating the results of the histological and pathological diagnosis of this disorder. Among the analyzed variables there were: age, sex, clinical histological and pathological diagnosis, anatomical localization, risk factors, cellular changes which appear in the epithelium and magnitude of the epithelial dysplasia. The age group 20-29, both sexes, the cheek mucosa as the place of greater incidence, the koilocytos presence as the most significant histological finding, high proportions of the mild epithelial dysplasia prevailed in the case material(AU)

Citoqueratinas como biomarcadores preditivos para o câncer de lábio em pacientes com queilite actínica / Cytokeratins as predictive biomarkers for lip cancer in patients with actinic cheilitis

A presença de áreas displásicas em queilites actínicas constitui um fator preditivo importante para o câncer de lábio. Entretanto, a determinação histopatológica da presença e intensidade da displasia epitelial nestas lesões continua sendo um aspecto subjetivo para os patologistas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar em 45 queilites actínicas e 20 carcinomas espinocelulares (CECs) de lábio tratados no Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Oftalmologia, da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, a expressão imuno-histoquímica da citoqueratina 10 (CK10) e citoqueratina 13 (CK13) na região labial e comparar a expressão dessas citoqueratinas com o índice de proliferação celular determinado pela imunomarcação com o Ki-67. A intensidade da displasia epitelial nas queilites actínicas foi determinada em coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina com base nos critérios definidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A associação entre a expressão da CK10 e da CK13 nas queilites actínicas com e sem displasia e nos CECs foi calculada pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram uma positividade para CK13 no vermelhão do lábio e mucosa labial, com perda de expressão nas áreas displásicas das queilites actínicas e marcação heterogênea nos CECs de lábio. A imunomarcação da CK10 foi observada no vermelhão do lábio e epiderme, com ausência total de expressão nas áreas displásicas e nos CECs de lábio. Houve uma associação estatisticamente significante entre a expressão da CK10 nos CECs quando comparada às queilites actínicas com displasia epitelial (p<0,001) e sem displasia epitelial (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa (p=0,104) no índice de proliferação celular, determinado pela imunomarcação do Ki-67, nas queilites actínicas sem e com displasia epitelial e nos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Assim como também não houve associação, estatisticamente significativa, entre a expressão...

The presence of dysplastic areas in actinic cheilitis is an important predictive factor for lip cancer. However, the histopathologic evaluation of the presence and severity of epithelial dysplasia in these lesions remains subjective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 10 (CK10) and cytokeratin 13 (CK13) in labial region and compare the expression of these cytokeratins with the cell proliferation index, which was determined by Ki-67 immunostaining. The sample was constituted by 45 cases of actinic cheilitis and 20 of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lip treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP. The severity of epithelial dysplasia in actinic cheilitis was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining based on World Health Organization criteria. The association between the expression of CK10 and CK13 in actinic cheilitis with and without dysplasia and SCC was calculated by Chi-square test or Fischer´s exact test, with significance level at 5%. The results showed positive correlation for CK13 in the lip vermilion and labial mucosa, with loss of expression in the dysplastic areas of actinic cheilitis, and heterogeneous positivity in SCC of the lip. There was a statistically significant association between the expression of CK10 in SCC and actinic cheilitis with epithelial dysplasia (p < 0.001) or without epithelial dysplasia (p < 0.001).There was not a statistically significant difference (p=0.104) for cell proliferation index in actinic cheilitis with and without dysplasia, and SCC. Furthermore, there was not a statistical association (p>0.05) between the expression of CK10 and CK13 and high cell proliferation index in actinic cheilitis with and without epithelial dysplasia. These results suggest that the cytokeratins 13 and 10 participate in the process of malignant transformation of actinic cheilitis, and absence...